Yes, postpartum hair loss is very common — and in most cases, it’s perfectly normal.

Here’s what’s happening:

• During pregnancy, high oestrogen levels kept your hair in the ‘growth phase’ longer, which made it look lush and full.

• After birth, those hormone levels drop, and all the hairs that were hanging on for dear life suddenly shed at once.

What’s normal:

• Hair shedding starts around 3–4 months postpartum.

• It can last until about 12 months after delivery.

• It looks dramatic (hello, clogged shower drain 😅), but it’s temporary.

When to check with your doctor:

• If hair loss continues beyond a year.️ 

• If you notice bald patches or scalp changes.

• If it’s accompanied by fatigue, weight changes, or other health issues (possible thyroid or iron deficiency).

What You Can Do

• Eat a balanced diet (iron, protein, and vitamins really help).

• Be gentle with your hair (skip tight ponytails or harsh chemicals).

• Remember: most mums’ hair grows back to normal by baby’s first birthday.

Avoiding reading can be caused by many things — boredom, frustration, or difficulty. But yes, in some cases, it could point to dyslexia. 

Signs That Suggest Dyslexia: 

1. Struggles to connect letters with sounds. 

2. Reads very slowly, often guessing words instead of sounding them out. 

3. Reverses letters/numbers (like b/d, 6/9) beyond the early learning stage. 

4. Trouble remembering sequences (days of the week, alphabet). 

5. Strong listening and verbal skills, but weak reading/writing skills. 

Other Possibilities: 

1. Some kids just aren’t interested in books yet. Vision problems (like needing glasses) can make reading uncomfortable.

2. Learning environment — wrong book level, pressure, or lack of encouragement — can also cause resistance. 

What You Can Do: 

1. Observe patterns: Is it just dislike, or genuine struggle with recognising words and sounds? 

2. Get an eye check to rule out vision problems. 

3. Ask the teacher for feedback — they often spot learning differences early. 

4. If concerns persist, a formal assessment with an educational psychologist or speech-language therapist can confirm dyslexia. 

Avoiding reading alone doesn’t prove dyslexia, but if your child wants to read but finds it unusually hard, it’s worth investigating. Early support (specialised teaching, phonics programs, extra patience) makes a huge difference.

At 2 years old, weight is an important marker of growth — but we always look at the whole growth chart and not just one number. 

What’s Normal at 2 Years: 

1. Average weight at 2 years is around 11–14 kg (depending on gender). 

2. 8.55 kg is well below the expected range, and would usually fall below the 3rd percentile on standard growth charts. This suggests your child may be underweight for age. 

What This Could Mean: 

1. If your child has always been small but grows steadily along their own curve, it may just be their normal. 

2. If your child used to be higher on the chart and has now dropped down, it could be a sign of growth faltering. 

3. Food preferences (rejecting rice, depending on formula) can contribute — but usually, we’d expect more variety by this age. 

What You Should Do: 

1. Have your child’s growth (weight and height) plotted on a MOH-issued growth chart by a doctor. '

2. Rule out medical causes of poor weight gain (nutrient absorption issues, chronic infections, thyroid, etc.). 

3. Work with a paediatrician or dietitian to boost calories — adding healthy fats, proteins, and toddler-friendly meals beyond just formula. 

At 2 years 2 months, 8.55 kg is not in the normal range. It’s important to seek a medical review to understand if this is just constitutional (naturally small) or if there’s an underlying issue.

Great that you’re asking this before starting a family — understanding genetic risk is key. 

About SMA: 

1. SMA is an inherited neuromuscular condition that affects muscle strength and movement. 

2. It’s caused by changes in the SMN1 gene. 

3. It is passed down in an autosomal recessive pattern. 

What Autosomal Recessive Means: 

1. A child must inherit two faulty SMN1 genes (one from each parent) to have SMA. 

2. If a child inherits only one faulty gene, they become a carrier (healthy, but can pass it on). 

In Your Case: 

1. Your partner has two uncles with SMA, which means her grandparents were carriers. 

2. Her parents may or may not be carriers. If her mother/father is a carrier, then your partner has a 50% chance of being a carrier herself. 

3. If you are not a carrier, your children cannot have SMA (though they could be carriers if she is). 

4. If both of you are carriers, each pregnancy has: 25% chance of SMA, 50% chance of being a carrier, 25% chance of being completely unaffected. 

Next Steps: 

1. The only way to know is carrier testing for both you and your partner (simple blood test or cheek swab). 

2. Genetic counselling is recommended so you understand results and options (prenatal testing, IVF with genetic screening, etc.). 

Your partner’s family history suggests there is a possibility she’s a carrier, but you need genetic testing to know. If only one of you is a carrier, your children are safe from SMA (though may be carriers). If both are carriers, there’s a 1 in 4 chance per child of SMA.

It’s impossible to confirm the type of rash without seeing your baby in person, but here are common causes of white spots in infants. 

Milia (tiny white bumps)- Harmless blocked pores, very common on baby’s face. Appear as small white/yellowish dots. No treatment needed, they fade in weeks. 

Baby Acne- Red bumps with white “heads,” usually on cheeks, forehead, sometimes spreading to chest/back, caused by maternal hormones, harmless, resolves on its own. 

Viral Rash (exanthema)- Can appear after a fever or viral infection. Sometimes red patches with small pale/white centres, usually self-limiting but needs monitoring. 

Fungal/Yeast Rash (like candida)- White patches that may spread, often in skin folds or nappy area, may need antifungal treatment if persistent. 

Allergic Reaction or Eczema- May look blotchy, bumpy, sometimes with pale patches, often itchy or linked to new food, formula, detergent, or lotion. 

Since rashes can sometimes signal infection or allergy, the safest step is to show your doctor in person — especially if the rash is widespread on both body and face.

Why It Happens:

Chronic constipation at this age is usually functional (no underlying disease), but it becomes a vicious cycle: painful stools → fear of pooing → withholding → worse constipation. 

Twins (or siblings close in age) often reinforce each other’s behaviour — if one resists, the other follows. 

About the Medication 

1. Forlax (macrogol/PEG) is safe for long-term use in children, but dosage may need adjusting. Sometimes half a sachet isn’t enough for a 3-year-old, depending on weight. 

2. Occasional enemas are okay for “rescue,” but the goal is to soften stools consistently so they don’t reach the painful, withholding stage. 

Potty Training & Resistance 

Kids with constipation often develop toilet fear because they associate sitting on the potty with pain. Forcing can backfire — focus on comfort, routine, and reducing fear rather than pushing for training right now. 

What You Can Try Next 

1. Review the dose of Forlax with your doctor — many children need a full sachet or more, not just half. 

2. Regular timing: Encourage “sit time” after meals, when the bowel’s natural reflex is strongest. Even a minute or two on the potty/diaper, without pressure, helps build the habit. 

3. Positive reinforcement: Use rewards, books, songs, or letting them hold a toy while sitting — make it fun, not stressful.

4. Watch dairy intake: Too much milk/cheese can worsen constipation, even with good fibre intake. 

5. Professional support: A paediatric gastroenterologist or continence clinic can help set up a structured bowel program tailored for both children. 

When to Re-check for Other Causes 

1. If constipation persists despite proper medication and diet. 

2. If there’s poor growth, vomiting, severe abdominal pain, or blood in stool.

In rare cases, underlying conditions (thyroid, celiac disease, Hirschsprung’s disease) should be excluded. 

Chronic constipation at this age often needs a combination of higher-dose stool softeners + behaviour support. 

Don’t give up — with the right program, most children do improve. But you’ll likely need closer follow-up and possibly dose adjustments rather than staying at “half sachet.”

You’ve got a good sleeper! Not all parents are this lucky. 

Feeding Needs at 3 Months: Many 3-month-olds still feed once or twice at night, but some start stretching longer. If your baby is gaining weight steadily, having enough wet nappies (5–6+ per day), and is alert when awake — it’s usually safe to let her sleep. 

Daily Milk Intake: 

1. At 3 months, average intake is 24–32 oz (700–950 ml) per day. 

2. 18 oz (about 530 ml) is on the lower side for her age/weight. If she’s thriving, it may be fine — but monitor closely. 

Weight Check: At 3 months, 5.74 kg is within normal range (depending on birth weight and growth chart). The key is whether she’s following her own curve. 

What To Do: 

1. Don’t force her to feed at night if she’s sleeping well — it often backfires. 

2. Instead, focus on daytime feeds: offer milk more often during the day to boost total intake. 

3. Track wet diapers, growth, and alertness. These are better indicators than ounces alone. 

When to Worry: 

1. If she’s consistently taking too little (less than 20 oz/day), losing weight, or seems very sleepy/weak. 

2. If growth plateaus on her chart. In that case, check with your paediatrician. It’s generally okay to let a healthy 3-month-old sleep 7 hours straight if she’s feeding well during the day and growing steadily. Keep an eye on her intake and weight gain. If you’re worried, do a quick growth check with her doctor.

After-Illness Gut Changes: 

1. Following a fever or diarrhoea, children often develop temporary lactose intolerance or gut sensitivity. 

2. This can lead to runny, yellow stools, especially if they’re drinking more formula/milk than solids. 

3. Appetite shifts (rejecting rice/chicken, preferring milk) are very common after illness. 

What’s Normal vs Not: 

1. Bright yellow, watery stools can be normal during gut recovery, especially if your child is active, hydrated, and not in pain. 

2. Watch out for blood, mucus, greasy/foul-smelling stools, or weight loss — those need a doctor’s check.

What You Can Do: 

1. Encourage a gradual return to solids: soft foods (banana, toast, porridge, potatoes). 

2. Limit too much milk — excess formula can worsen loose stools. Aim for balanced intake. 

3. Offer fluids to prevent dehydration. 

4. A “BRAT-style” diet (Banana, Rice, Apple puree, Toast) can help firm up stools. 

When to See a Doctor: 

1. If diarrhoea continues beyond a week. 

2. If stools are persistently watery, with blood/mucus, or very foul-smelling. 

3. If your child refuses all solids long-term, has poor weight gain, or shows dehydration signs. 

What you’re seeing now is most likely a temporary post-infection gut recovery phase. With reduced milk and slow reintroduction of solids, stool consistency should improve over the next several days.

It’s very common for toddlers to go through appetite slumps after being sick — their bodies are recovering, taste buds are off, and habits can shift quickly. 

Why It Happens: 

1. Illness can temporarily change taste and smell → milk suddenly tastes “yucky.” 

2. Post-fever recovery = appetite may take 1–2 weeks to return to normal. 

3. Juice is sweet and comforting — but too much replaces real nutrition. 

What You Can Do: 

1. Don’t Force Milk: At 3 years old, formula isn’t essential anymore. Nutrition can come from food.

2. Limit Juice: Dilute orange juice with water (start with 50:50). Slowly reduce sweetness so he doesn’t get hooked on sugary drinks. 

3. Offer Small, Frequent Meals: Even 2–3 spoonfuls count. Think soft foods (porridge, soup, mashed potatoes, fruits). 

4. Hydration First: As long as he’s peeing regularly and not dehydrated, it’s okay if food intake is a bit low for a few days. 

5. Stay Calm: Toddlers sense stress around food — pressure makes them resist more. 

When to Seek Help: 

1. If he eats/drinks almost nothing for more than a week. 

2. If he’s losing weight, lethargic, or refusing all fluids. 

3. If there are signs of dehydration (no pee for 6–8 hrs, dry lips, very sleepy). This is usually a temporary post-illness phase. 

Focus on hydration and gently reintroducing food. Formula isn’t a must at this age, but balanced meals are.

These are common concerns in newborns, and they often point towards infant reflux (GER) — where milk comes back up from the stomach into the oesophagus. 

Why It Happens: 

1. Babies’ digestive systems are still immature. 

2. The muscle at the top of the stomach (lower oesophageal sphincter) is weak in newborns, so milk easily flows back up. 

3. Spit-up, throat noises, and back arching are classic signs. 

Normal vs Concerning: 

1. Normal (Physiological Reflux): Many healthy babies spit up and still gain weight well, stay active, and outgrow it by 6–12 months. 

2. Concerning (GERD — Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease): If your baby is not gaining weight, is irritable after every feed, vomits forcefully/green or bloody, has breathing problems, or feeds very poorly — see a doctor urgently. 

What You Can Do: 

1. Feed smaller amounts more frequently. 

2. Hold baby upright for 20–30 minutes after feeding. 

3. Keep head slightly elevated when sleeping (but never unsafe sleep positions — no pillows, just safe cot with baby on back).

4. Burp often during feeds.

When to See a Doctor: 

1. Poor weight gain or weight loss. 

2. Projectile vomiting or vomiting blood/green fluid. 

3. Breathing issues or persistent cough. 

4. Baby seems in pain all the time. Most newborn reflux is messy but harmless. The signs you describe (spit-ups, arching, throat clearing, poor sleep) are common, but if they’re severe or worsening, a paediatric check is important to rule out GERD or milk intolerance.

Here’s what’s important to know. 

What Counts as Diarrhoea: 

1. More frequent, looser, and watery stools than your child’s normal pattern = diarrhoea. 

2. So yes, 6 loose slimy stools in a day is diarrhoea. 

About the Red Slimy Stool: If it truly looks like blood or mucus (not from food colouring), it could mean irritation or infection in the gut. A one-off streak may come from straining, but persistent red/mucus is a red flag. 

When to See a Doctor: 

1. Blood or mucus in stool (even once) → yes, worth checking. 

2. Diarrhoea lasting more than 3 days. 

3. Signs of dehydration: fewer wet nappies, dry mouth, no tears when crying, lethargy. 

4. High fever, persistent vomiting, or worsening appetite. 

What You Can Do at Home: 

1. Keep her hydrated with water, oral rehydration solution (ORS), or diluted juice. 

2. Offer easy-to-digest foods (porridge, rice, banana, toast). Avoid greasy/sugary snacks. 

3. Monitor closely for urine output and activity level. She does have diarrhoea. Since you’ve already seen a reddish slimy stool, it’s safest to bring her to a doctor for a stool check and exam. Better to catch an infection early.

Retractile Testis 

In some boys, a testicle can move up and down because of an overactive reflex in the groin muscles. It may “disappear” into the groin when cold or when the child is active, then drop back down when relaxed or warm. This is usually harmless and often resolves as the child grows. 

Undescended / Ascending 

Testis Sometimes, a testicle that was once in the scrotum “ascends” and stays higher up in the groin. This is more concerning because a testicle that doesn’t stay in the scrotum can affect fertility later in life and slightly increases the risk of testicular cancer. 

What to Do Next 

1. A doctor can check whether the testis can be gently brought down into the scrotum (retractile) or if it’s stuck higher up (undescended/ascending). 

2. If it’s retractile and moves freely, usually no treatment is needed, just monitoring. 

3. If it’s truly undescended/ascending and doesn’t stay down, surgery (orchidopexy) is usually recommended, ideally before age 1–2 years. 

Don’t panic — this is relatively common. But do get him checked by a paediatric surgeon/urologist. Early treatment, if needed, gives the best outcomes for future fertility and health.

1. Eucalyptus Oil: Not recommended for babies under 2 years old (some guidelines say even under 3). Can cause breathing problems, coughing fits, and skin irritation if inhaled or applied directly. 

2. Tea Tree Oil: Should be avoided in babies and toddlers. It can irritate skin and, if swallowed (accidentally), is toxic. Even diluted, it can still cause rashes in sensitive skin. 

3. Peppermint Oil: You’re correct — peppermint is unsafe for babies and especially risky for children with G6PD deficiency. It can trigger breathing issues. 

General Rules for Babies & Oils: 

1. Babies’ skin and airways are very sensitive — most essential oils are not recommended under 2 years old. 

2. “Natural” doesn’t equal safe. Some oils can cause seizures, liver toxicity, or breathing problems in infants. 

3. If you must use something, stick to baby-safe balms or oils specifically made for infants (and approved by health authorities). 

Safer Alternatives: 

1. Saline drops/sprays for nasal congestion. 

2. A humidifier with plain water. 

3. Baby-safe chest rubs (formulated without eucalyptus, camphor, or menthol). 

4. For babies, especially under 2, avoid eucalyptus, tea tree, and peppermint oils. 

5. If your baby is G6PD, be extra cautious — some natural remedies can trigger problems. When in doubt, skip essential oils and go for safer baby-approved remedies.

Safety: In general, spirulina from reputable brands is considered safe for older children and teens. The biggest risk is contamination — if spirulina is harvested from unsafe sources, it can carry heavy metals or toxins. Always choose a well-tested, certified product. 

Effectiveness: 

1. For healthy kids with a balanced diet, spirulina usually isn’t necessary.

2. Nutrients like protein, iron, and vitamins are better absorbed from regular food (fish, eggs, vegetables, fruit). 

3. Supplements like spirulina won’t magically boost growth or immunity. 

Possible Side Effects: 

1. Mild digestive upset (nausea, diarrhoea).

2. Allergic reactions are rare, but possible. 

3. Unsafe products (non-certified) may cause more serious harm due to toxins. 

Dosage: There’s no official recommended dosage for children. Most research uses adult doses (2–5 g per day). For 11–13 year olds, if used, it should be much smaller and only under medical/dietitian advice. 

Spirulina is not harmful if bought from a safe source, but it’s not essential for children who eat a decent diet. If you want to give it, keep doses small, buy only from trusted brands, and watch for tummy upset. Always check with their doctor before starting, especially if the kids have asthma, allergies, or chronic health issues.

There’s no medical rule that says toddlers can’t travel to cold countries. 

But there are a few things to keep in mind: 

1. Cold Itself Isn’t Dangerous

2. Cold weather doesn’t cause illness. Viruses spread more easily in winter because people stay indoors together. With the right clothing, toddlers can handle low temperatures just fine. 

Key Concerns for Toddlers in Winter:

1. Layering & Warmth: Dress in layers (thermal innerwear, sweater, jacket, hat, mittens, warm shoes). Don’t forget ears and nose. 

2. Skin Care: Cold air = dry skin. Apply moisturiser, especially on cheeks and lips. 

3. Respiratory Health: If your child often gets coughs or wheezes, cold dry air can sometimes trigger it. Carry any prescribed inhalers/meds. 

4. Sudden Fevers: Toddlers are prone to viral fevers when travelling. Make sure you bring fever medicine (paracetamol/ibuprofen as advised). 

Travel Safety: 

1. Always keep a spare set of dry clothes (toddlers + snow = wet mess). 

2. Ensure he stays hydrated — kids often drink less in cold weather. 

3. Avoid overcrowded indoor spaces if possible (that’s where most infections spread).

It’s generally safe to bring your 2-year-old to Korea in winter as long as you plan properly. The cold itself isn’t dangerous — it’s about keeping him warm, dry, and healthy. If he has any ongoing medical issues (like asthma, frequent chest infections), check with your paediatrician before flying.

A cough lasting a few days is common, but when it goes on for weeks, it’s worth looking deeper. 

Possible Causes: 

1. Prolonged viral infection or repeated colds (toddlers often catch back-to-back bugs). 

2. Allergic rhinitis (sensitive nose, leading to mucus and congestion). 

3. Enlarged adenoids/tonsils, which can cause snoring, blocked nose, and poor appetite. 

4. Asthma or reactive airway — sometimes shows up as persistent cough rather than wheezing. 

When to Worry: 

1. Poor weight gain or constant loss of appetite.

2. Loud or frequent snoring, pauses in breathing, or restless sleep (could mean sleep-disordered breathing). 

3. Cough worsening at night, or associated with wheezing/difficulty breathing. 

4. Any fever lasting more than a few days, or if cough produces green/bloody mucus. 

What You Can Do Now: 

1. Keep her hydrated — mucus clears faster with fluids. 

2. Use saline drops and a nasal aspirator if her nose is blocked.

3. A humidifier at night may reduce snoring from dryness. 

4. Avoid smoke/dust triggers in the house. A cough and mucus lasting a month is not “just a cold” anymore. 

Since her appetite is also affected and she snores, it’s best to bring her to a paediatrician or ENT specialist for a check-up. They may suggest a chest exam, nose/throat check, or allergy tests.

Eight days without a bowel movement is definitely concerning. 

When to See a Doctor Urgently: 

1. If your child has severe tummy pain, bloating, vomiting, or blood in the stool. 

2. If constipation is this prolonged (8 days), it usually needs medical assessment before starting medication on your own. 

Common Causes: 

1. Diet low in fibre and fluids. 

2. Withholding poo because of fear (painful stool once, then they hold it in). 

3. Changes in routine, toilet training stress, or too much dairy. 

Treatment Options (ONLY under medical supervision & check up)- First-line medicines: 

1. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) (often prescribed as Lactulose or Movicol for kids). These soften the stool by drawing water into it. 

2. Lactulose syrup is commonly used and safe for children. Do NOT give adult laxatives, herbal teas, or enemas without a doctor’s advice. Some kids need a “clean out” regimen if the constipation is severe — this should be guided by a paediatrician. 

What you can do at home (supportive care): 

1. Increase water intake. 

2. Offer high-fibre foods (fruits like papaya, prunes, pears; vegetables; whole grains). 

3. Encourage daily movement/exercise. 

4. Create a calm “toilet time” routine after meals, so the urge to go isn’t ignored. 

After 8 days with no stool, it’s safest to see your paediatrician. Medication may be needed to get things moving, but it should be prescribed in the right dose for your child’s age and weight.

You’re asking an important question — here’s what’s expected and what’s not at this age (at 23 months): 

1. Many toddlers are still in the single-word stage. 

2. By around 2 years old (24 months), children are expected to start combining two words together (“want susu”, “go mandi”, “more makan”). 

3. Vocabulary at this age is usually around 50+ words (though it can range widely). 

Good signs in your daughter: 

1. She understands what people say → comprehension is strong, which is often more important than speaking at this age. 

2. She uses meaningful single words to request things → shows intention and communication. 

When to be more concerned: 

1. No new words being added over time. 

2. No attempt to imitate sounds or words. 

3. Poor eye contact or doesn’t use gestures (pointing, waving). 

4. Regression (losing words she already had). 

What you can do now: 

1. Model short phrases for her (if she says “makan,” you respond “nak makan” or “makan nasi”). 

2. Read and sing daily — rhythm and repetition help speech. 

3. Give her chances to request things (pause before giving milk so she tries to say “nak susu”). 

Bottom line: At 23 months, it’s not unusual to still be using one-word speech. If by 2 years old (24 months) she still isn’t combining words, or her vocabulary is very limited, it’s a good idea to get her screened by a paediatrician or speech-language therapist for reassurance and early support.

This sounds like irritant diaper rash (sometimes called contact dermatitis), likely triggered by watery/acidic stools or friction from the diaper. 

Good signs: 

1. No pain when urinating → less likely to be urinary tract infection. 

2. Local redness only (no spreading rash, no fever). 

What you can do at home: 

1. Barrier cream: Apply a thick layer of zinc oxide cream (like Sudocrem, Desitin, Drapolene, or similar) at every nappy change. Think “cake icing” thickness — don’t rub it in, just coat. 

2. 2. Frequent diaper-free time: Air exposure speeds healing. Even short sessions help. 

3. Gentle cleaning: Use plain water, avoid soaps or wipes with fragrance/alcohol. Pat dry, don’t rub. 

4. Overnight protection: A thick layer of barrier cream + well-fitted but not tight diaper/pants. 

When to see a doctor: 

1. If redness spreads, develops pustules, blisters, or oozing (could mean fungal or bacterial infection). 

2. If fever develops. 

3. If pain worsens or he suddenly resists passing urine.

Healing time: 

1. Mild irritant rash can improve in 2–3 days with proper care. 

2. More severe irritation may take up to a week. 

Bottom line: No emergency signs right now. Stick to barrier cream, air time, gentle cleaning, and monitor. If things don’t improve in 3 days or worsen, get him checked.

Mild fever (usually < 38.5°C) is common after vaccines and can last 1–2 days. With the chickenpox (varicella) vaccine, fever can sometimes appear a little later (even up to 1–2 weeks after) and occasionally be higher than with other vaccines. However, persistent high fever (39–40°C for 3 days) is more than what we’d consider a “typical” vaccine reaction. 

When to Seek Care: Because the fever is persisting for 3 days and very high, you should bring her to the hospital/clinic for assessment. Doctors will want to rule out other infections that just coincidentally started around the time of vaccination (common at this age). Urine infection, viral infections, or even post-vaccine rash could need checking. 

Good Signs: Appetite still okay, peeing/pooing well, and active behaviour are all reassuring. These suggest she’s not severely unwell right now. 

What To Do While Waiting: 

1. Continue paracetamol as advised. 

2. Offer plenty of fluids (fever = dehydration risk). 

3. Monitor for warning signs: lethargy, poor feeding, fewer wet nappies, breathing difficulty, persistent vomiting, seizures. 

Bottom Line: While some fever after vaccines is normal, a high fever lasting 3 days needs a doctor’s eyes. It’s most likely just a coincidental viral infection, but it’s safest not to assume. Go see a doctor.

You’re right to pause here — blood in stool is always a red flag, even if your child looks active and well. Here’s what you need to know.

Possible Causes: 

1. Anal fissure (tiny tear from frequent loose stools) is a common cause of mild blood streaks. 

2. Persistent diarrhoea could also be from an infection (bacterial or parasitic), food-related intolerance, or post-infectious gut irritation. 

When to Seek Care: 

Because there has been blood in the stool for 3 days, it’s important to have her checked by a doctor — especially since diarrhoea has lasted 5 days. Even without fever, prolonged diarrhoea can lead to dehydration or nutrient loss. 

If you see worsening blood, mucus, dark tarry stool, lethargy, or poor urine output — go immediately. 

About OTC Medicines: 

1. Avoid anti-diarrhoeal medicines (like loperamide) — they are not safe for toddlers. 

2. Oral rehydration solution (ORS) is the only safe “OTC” measure — keep her hydrated. Zinc supplements are sometimes prescribed for prolonged diarrhoea in children, but this should be guided by a doctor. 

Bottom Line: Yes — you should seek medical care. A stool test may be needed to confirm the cause and ensure she gets the right treatment (sometimes antibiotics, sometimes just supportive).

About the Test: A bagged sample that mixes with stool often gives false positives. A clean catch (or catheter sample) is much more reliable. 

If Positive Again: 

1. If your baby is otherwise well (no fever, feeding fine, alert), doctors may just repeat the test or do a urine culture before deciding anything.

2. Hospital admission usually happens if the baby is under 3 months AND has a fever or looks unwell, because UTIs in young babies can spread quickly. 

3. If she remains well, your doctor may decide outpatient antibiotics are enough, but this depends on the culture results. 

Typical Hospital Stay (if admitted): 

1. For newborns and very young babies with confirmed UTI and fever, admission is often 3–5 days for IV antibiotics, sometimes longer depending on response. 

2. If there’s no fever and baby is healthy, hospitalisation may not be needed at all.

Preventing UTIs- Change nappies frequently — keeping the nappy area clean and dry is key: 

1. Always wipe front to back for girls. 

2. Ensure good hydration — frequent feeds mean frequent urine flushing. 

3. Avoid unnecessary bubble baths, harsh soaps, or powders in the diaper area. 

4. If UTIs happen repeatedly, your doctor may order an ultrasound to check the urinary tract for reflux or other issues. 

Bottom line: A single positive leucocyte in a bagged sample is not always a true infection. If your baby stays fever-free and active, chances are good that she won’t need a long hospital stay — or any stay at all.

It’s reassuring that her growth hormone test and Vitamin D3 levels are fine — that rules out some major causes. But growth isn’t just about hormones and supplements. Here are important considerations. 

1. Bone Age Delay: A bone age that’s slightly behind can indicate constitutional growth delay — basically, a child who is “late to the party” in growth but eventually catches up (often during puberty). 

2. Nutritional Absorption: If she eats well but doesn’t gain, it’s worth investigating whether her body is absorbing nutrients properly. Tests for iron, zinc, coeliac disease, thyroid function, or chronic gut issues (like malabsorption, inflammatory bowel disease) may be needed. 

3. Family Growth Pattern: Genetics play a huge role. If parents are naturally small, she may also follow that curve, though usually still within her expected percentile. 

4. Regular Monitoring: Plot her growth carefully on the MOH chart over time. Consistency in a growth channel is often more important than the number itself. 

5. When to Push for More Tests: If she’s dropping percentiles, showing delayed puberty signs later, or has frequent illness/tiredness, she needs further endocrine and gastroenterology workup — not just vitamins. Don’t settle for “just supplements” if you feel progress isn’t happening. Ask for a referral to a paediatric endocrinologist or gastroenterologist for deeper investigation.

Many children go through phases of wanting food to look a certain way — it can be linked to routine, control, or sensory preferences. If it’s just about a few foods and doesn’t affect overall eating, growth, or social life, it’s usually harmless and may pass with time. But if your child has very rigid rules about food, gets upset when things aren’t “just right,” or shows similar behaviours in other parts of life, it’s worth mentioning to your doctor. This can sometimes be linked to sensory processing differences or anxiety.

Don’t rely on social media claims. “Natural” doesn’t always mean safe or effective — some natural ingredients can cause side effects or interact with medicines. Supplements for children should only be used if there’s a real need, backed by medical advice. Always check with your child’s doctor or pharmacist before buying, and look for products registered with the Ministry of Health Malaysia (KKM) to be sure they meet safety standards.

All kids have different personalities — some are naturally shy, some chatterboxes. But selective mutism is more than just being quiet. Selective Mutism is an anxiety disorder where a child can speak, but consistently doesn’t in certain settings (like school, public places) despite being talkative at home. It usually starts in early childhood (before age 5). 

Signs: 

1. Speaks freely with parents/siblings at home, but “freezes” in school, with teachers, or around strangers. 

2. This silence lasts for at least 1 month (not just first-week school nerves). 

3. The child understands language and can talk — but anxiety stops them in some situations. 

What It’s Not: 

1. It’s not stubbornness or “naughty behaviour.”

2. It’s not caused by language delay (though both can overlap).

3. It’s not the same as just being shy. If your child consistently doesn’t talk outside the home for more than a month. If it’s affecting school, friendships, or daily life- a paediatrician or child psychologist can help with diagnosis and therapy (like gradual exposure, play therapy, family support). 

A quiet or shy child doesn’t automatically have selective mutism. But if your child speaks normally at home but “goes silent” in school or public — and this pattern keeps going — it’s worth getting checked.

Developmental language disorder (DLD) is when a child has trouble understanding or using language, even though their hearing and intelligence are normal. Signs can include speaking in very short sentences for their age, struggling to find the right words, mixing up word order, or having trouble following instructions. If you notice these signs, early speech therapy can make a big difference.

Yes. If a child has uncorrected vision issues like near-sightedness, far-sightedness, or other eye conditions, it can make reading, writing, and concentrating in class much harder. This can lead to lower grades and even behaviour problems. Regular eye checks help catch and correct issues early so your child can learn comfortably.

ADHD — attention deficit hyperactivity disorder — is a condition that affects attention, self-control, and sometimes activity levels. In girls, it can be harder to spot because symptoms are often more about inattention than hyperactivity. They may daydream, seem disorganised, forget instructions, or struggle to focus, rather than being constantly “on the go.” These signs are sometimes mistaken for shyness or laziness. If you’re concerned, an assessment by a specialist can confirm whether it’s ADHD and guide you on the best support.

Hearing is essential for learning to speak. If a child has hearing loss in early childhood, they may not hear sounds clearly enough to copy and learn words, which can delay speech and language development. Early hearing checks and intervention — like hearing aids or therapy — can make a big difference in helping them catch up.

Yes. If a child struggles to communicate, it can make joining conversations, making friends, and expressing feelings harder. Over time, this may affect their confidence, self-esteem, and even school performance. Early speech therapy can help them catch up and feel more comfortable socially.

Never give honey to babies under 1 year old. It can contain bacteria that cause infant botulism, a rare but serious illness affecting the nervous system. After their first birthday, their digestive system is developed enough to handle it safely.

If your baby is still refusing solids by 9–10 months, or regularly gags, chokes, or vomits when trying different textures, it’s worth getting them assessed. This could be a sign of a feeding or swallowing disorder, sensory issue, or another underlying problem. Early help from a feeding specialist or speech-language therapist can make mealtimes easier and safer.

Yes. Drinking too much cow’s milk can fill them up so they eat less iron-rich foods, leading to iron deficiency anaemia. It can also cause constipation. After 1 year, aim for no more than about 500ml of milk a day, alongside a balanced diet.

Common choking risks include whole nuts, grapes, hard candies, popcorn, and chunks of raw vegetables like carrots. These can block a child’s airway if not chewed properly. For children under 4, avoid these foods or cut them into small, manageable pieces, and always supervise meals and snacks.

Use boiled water that has cooled to around 70°C (about 30 minutes after boiling) to make formula. This temperature is hot enough to kill any bacteria that may be in the powder. Measure the water first, then add the correct amount of formula, and mix well. Cool the bottle quickly to feeding temperature by running it under cold water. Never use unboiled water or water that’s too cool when first mixing, as it may not be safe for your baby.

Vitamin D is important for healthy bones, teeth, and overall growth. Babies don’t usually get enough from sunlight or food alone, so supplements are often recommended — but it depends on the baby. Breastfed babies should get daily vitamin D drops, as breastmilk alone doesn’t provide enough. Formula-fed babies may not need extra if they drink enough formula each day, since most formulas are fortified. Talk to your doctor during the next check up, he/she can advise based on your baby’s feeding and health needs.

No. Children should avoid high-mercury fish because mercury can affect brain and nervous system development. In Malaysia, high-mercury fish include shark (ikan yu), swordfish, marlin, king mackerel (tenggiri batang), tilefish, and some large tuna species. Choose low-mercury options like anchovies (ikan bilis), mackerel (ikan kembung), sardines, pomfret (bawal), and tilapia instead.

Not always. Some herbal products can be toxic to babies or interfere with medicines they may need. Babies’ bodies are more sensitive, and even small amounts can cause harm. Always check with a doctor or pharmacist before giving any herbal remedy to your child.

Yes. Some food allergies can trigger anaphylaxis — a severe reaction that can cause breathing problems, swelling, and even be fatal if not treated quickly. Families should have an allergy action plan from their doctor and keep emergency medicine, like an epinephrine auto-injector, on hand.

Yes. Some children have sensory processing differences that make certain textures, smells, or even food colours uncomfortable for them. This can lead to extreme picky eating. An occupational therapist can assess sensory needs and guide gradual exposure strategies to help your child feel more comfortable trying new foods.

It’s normal for toddlers to go quiet for short periods during big changes — like starting childcare, adjusting to a new sibling, or focusing on learning another skill such as walking or climbing. They usually start talking again once things settle. It’s not normal if your child loses several words or skills they used regularly, especially if it’s ongoing or combined with other changes like reduced eye contact or less interest in play. This is called developmental regression and needs urgent assessment to check for causes such as autism, hearing loss, or neurological conditions.

Blue lips (cyanosis) during coughing can mean your child isn’t getting enough oxygen, possibly from a blocked airway, severe asthma attack, or another breathing emergency. Call emergency services immediately and seek urgent medical help.

Watch for fever, severe headache, stiff neck, sensitivity to light, vomiting, a rash that doesn’t fade when pressed, or unusual drowsiness or confusion. These can be signs of meningitis, a serious infection of the brain and spinal cord. If you see any of these, seek urgent medical care immediately.

Yes. This is an emergency until proven otherwise. Possible Cause – Testicular Torsion When the testicle twists on itself, blood supply is cut off. This causes sudden swelling and severe pain. If not treated quickly (within 4–6 hours), the testicle can be permanently damaged and may need removal. Other Possible Causes- Severe infection (epididymitis, orchitis), trauma or injury, hernia extending into the scrotum. All require medical assessment, but torsion is the most time-sensitive. Go to the emergency department immediately. Do not wait to see if it gets better at home. Do not give painkillers and delay — pain relief can mask the urgency. Swelling + severe scrotal pain = treat as emergency. Even if it turns out to be infection or something less serious, you cannot risk missing torsion.

A fever over 40°C, or any fever in a baby under 3 months old, needs urgent medical attention. You should also seek care if your child has trouble breathing, persistent vomiting, seizures, is unusually sleepy, or just seems very unwell.

Keep your child safe by moving anything that could hurt them and gently placing them on their side. Don’t put anything in their mouth. Call emergency services if the seizure lasts more than 5 minutes, if they have trouble breathing afterward, or if it’s their first seizure. They should be checked by a doctor as soon as possible.

Signs include peeing less than usual, a dry mouth or tongue, no tears when crying, sunken eyes, and unusual sleepiness or low energy. In babies, you might also notice a sunken soft spot on the head. Severe dehydration is a medical emergency — seek help immediately.

Yes. Green (bilious) vomit with severe abdominal pain can be a sign of a blocked intestine, such as malrotation or volvulus. This is a surgical emergency and needs immediate hospital care. Don’t wait — go to the emergency department right away.

Yes — perineal wound dehiscence can occur, often with infection or haematoma. Seek immediate review.

Some bleeding is normal after birth, but if it suddenly becomes heavy again, lasts more than a few days, or comes with large clots, pelvic pain, or fever, it’s a red flag. One possible cause is retained products of conception (RPOC) — when bits of placenta or tissue remain in the womb. This can lead to infection or severe bleeding and needs checking with an exam and often an ultrasound. See a doctor promptly to be safe.

See a doctor immediately. Fever + foul-smelling lochia (post-birth discharge): Possible uterine infection (endometritis). Severe abdominal pain: Could be wound infection, internal infection, or complications like abscess. Other red flags: Redness, pus, or swelling at the incision site; heavy bleeding; feeling very unwell. These symptoms can signal a serious infection like postpartum endometritis or sepsis and need same-day treatment.

Yes. Postpartum check-ups can catch high blood pressure, depression, wound problems, breastfeeding issues, and blood clot risks. Aim for a contact within 3 weeks and a full check-up by 12 weeks.

It’s best not to, especially during pregnancy or if anyone is sick. Sharing can spread germs like colds, flu, hand-foot-mouth disease, or food-borne bugs. Use your own cup and utensils to reduce the risk.

Yes, if you have risk factors like low-lying placenta or IVF, a targeted scan using colour Doppler is recommended. Vasa praevia is rare but dangerous if missed, and checking for it can save lives. If found, delivery is usually planned between 34–37 weeks.

If you can’t even keep fluids down, are losing weight, or feel very weak, it could be hyperemesis gravidarum — severe morning sickness. This can cause dehydration and nutrient loss, and needs medical treatment. See your doctor early for medication and fluids.

Dengue in pregnancy needs close monitoring for bleeding, shock, and your baby’s wellbeing. Care follows Malaysia’s national dengue guidelines with input from your obstetric team. Vaginal birth is usually safe, but timing and your platelet count matter. Get urgent care if you have abdominal pain, bleeding, or extreme tiredness.

Yes — after 28 weeks, going to sleep on your side lowers the risk of stillbirth compared to starting on your back. If you wake up on your back, just roll onto your side again.

This is not just “normal pregnancy itch” — it could be a condition called Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy (ICP), also known as obstetric cholestasis. What It Is- a liver condition that happens in pregnancy, causing bile salts to build up in the blood. Main symptom: intense itching on palms and soles, especially worse at night, often without a rash. ICP can increase the risk of preterm birth, fetal distress, and stillbirth if untreated. That’s why it always needs medical evaluation. Contact your obstetrician immediately.

No — don’t wait. Call your clinic or go to the hospital today. A noticeable drop in your baby’s movements can mean they need a same-day check-up, usually with a heart rate monitor (CTG) and sometimes an ultrasound. In most cases, everything turns out fine, but acting quickly is important because delays can put your baby at risk. Trust your instincts — if something feels off, get checked right away.

Many newborns really do cry more at night. 

Immature Body Clock: Newborns don’t know day from night yet. Their circadian rhythm develops gradually in the first few months. Night-time crying often peaks between 2–8 weeks of age. 

Colic / Evening Fussiness: Many babies have a “witching hour” — usually late evening, when crying intensifies for no clear reason. Colic is defined as crying >3 hours/day, >3 days/week, for >3 weeks. It usually peaks around 6 weeks and improves by 3–4 months. 

Digestive Discomfort: Babies may swallow more air during feeds, leading to gas and fussiness at night. Reflux or immature digestion can also be worse when lying flat. Overstimulation / Overtiredness- After a day of noise, handling, and feeding, babies may get overstimulated — leading to “meltdown mode” by bedtime. 

Normal Development- As frustrating as it feels, night crying is often just a phase of normal adjustment. 

What You Can Do 

1. Burp often during and after feeds. 

2. Keep nights calm and dim — save play and stimulation for daytime. 

3. Try swaddling, rocking, or white noise for comfort. Offer comfort feeds — cluster feeding in the evening is common. 

4. If you suspect reflux or food sensitivity, discuss with your paediatrician. 

When to Seek Help 

1. Baby is inconsolable for hours every night. 

2. Crying with fever, poor feeding, vomiting, breathing trouble, or not gaining weight. 

3. You feel overwhelmed and unable to cope (very common — ask for support). 

Most newborns cry more at night because of immature sleep-wake cycles, colic, or gas. It usually improves by 3–4 months. But if crying is extreme, always get checked to rule out medical causes.

Stay calm, acknowledge their feelings, and remove them from overstimulating environments if possible. Consistency in boundaries is key, even if it means cutting your shopping trip short.

Most children start recognising letters by around age 4–5 and reading simple words between 5–6. But you don’t need to wait until then to introduce books — start reading to your child from birth. Even newborns benefit from hearing your voice, and toddlers learn language, rhythm, and imagination long before they can read themselves. The earlier reading becomes part of your daily routine, the stronger their pre-reading skills will be when school starts.

No. Children’s brains are built to learn more than one language, and it doesn’t cause lasting confusion. They might mix words or switch between languages at first — this is normal and just part of learning. With regular exposure to both languages, they’ll separate them naturally over time.

For most babies, smooth peanut butter can be introduced from 6 months, as long as it’s not a choking hazard. If there’s a family history of allergies, consult your doctor first.

Keep offering them — it can take 10–15 tries before a child accepts a new food. Serve vegetables in fun shapes, add them to favourite dishes like pasta or fried rice, and let your child help with washing or serving them. Most importantly, eat vegetables yourself so they see it’s normal and enjoyable. Patience and variety usually win over time.